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Drummond, The German Social Democrats, pp. 55–6. 5. ‘Getarnte FDJ schießt auf Polizei in Essen: Demonstration gegen Generalvertrag, Ein Toter und zahlreiche Verletzte’, Die Welt, 12 May 1952, p. 1. 6. ‘Wasserwerfer statt Schußwaffen’, Die Welt, 14 May 1952, p. 1. 7. Drummond, The German Social Democrats, pp. 132–9 gives an excellent account of the SPD attitude to the Paris Accords and the subsequent Paulskirche movement. – 32 – The Origins of the APO committee stage in preparation for ratification.

Hilda Thurnwald’s survey expresses these patterns clearly. The father of Family F was a former party member who even insisted that the family stand and give the Nazi salute when the national anthem or the Horst Wessel Lied were played on the radio. 66 These were nonetheless extreme cases, and other families expressed disillusionment with the Nazis or claimed to have been long-standing opponents of the Nazi regime. In Family H, for instance, the father said he had been an ‘outspoken Nazi opponent’, while his wife’s former social democratic leanings had transformed into support for the new CDU.

90. , Das Alten einer Generation is a more detailed study of the ‘’68 generation’. – 26 – Post-war Reconstruction and the APO carried out 50 per cent of the general public agreed. In contrast 91 per cent of students disagreed. 64 The refusal by protesters to give uncritical endorsement to the post-war settlement, their questioning of the role of former Nazis in post-war West Germany, their interpretation of the Federal Republic as complicit in glossing over the issues raised by the Nazi past were equated by their opponents in government and among the general public as opposition to the inclusive assumptions upon which the Republic was based and, in turn, to the Republic itself.