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Entrance to these schools is competitive, by examination. Everyone who wants to apply to a given high school may do so, multiple applications are common, and each school makes its selection, primarily on the basis of examination scores. Therefore, both the student and the school exercise choice; this is not an open-access, neighbourhood school system, nor is it a system of centralised assignment of pupils to schools. Those students who have attended cram schools or had tutoring are at a distinct advantage, so family financial resources become a factor at this point.
Very public, very detailed records are kept of which high schools succeed in placing their students in which universities, and a school's prestige is determined solely by this criterion. Getting into a high school which places students in the universities which the student hopes to attend becomes a goal for junior high students and their parents, and so on down the line. Alongside this panoply of public and private non-profit institutions has developed a large for-profit educational industry. First, there are firms which develop and administer examinations for different schools, and practice examinations for cram schools to use.
But the demands of the employment which students enter after university are after all very different from taking exams. And it may be that the style of teaching, the kind of work that is required of students during the four years at university and the camaraderie that develops there, is a preparation, in a useful way, for the more realistic tasks students will face after college. 34 Education in Japanese Culture EGALITARIANISM, HIERARCHY AND COMPETITION IN JAPANESE EDUCATION Japanese culture is characterised by what is perhaps a unique blend of egalitarianism and hierarchical organisation.