By Roger D. Congleton
This e-book explains why modern liberal democracies are according to old templates instead of progressive reforms; why the transition in Europe happened in the course of a comparatively brief interval within the 19th century; why politically and economically strong women and men voluntarily supported such reforms; how pursuits, principles, and preexisting associations affected the reforms followed; and why the nations that liberalized their political platforms additionally produced the economic Revolution. The research is prepared in 3 elements. the 1st half develops new rational selection types of (1) governance, (2) the stability of authority among parliaments and kings, (3) constitutional trade, and (4) suffrage reform. the second one half presents old overviews and specific constitutional histories of six very important nations: the us, uk, Sweden, the Netherlands, Japan, and Germany. In the entire nations mentioned, liberal democracy emerged from a protracted sequence of constitutional reforms, instead of as a quantum bounce from authoritarian to democratic governance. The 3rd half offers extra quantitative proof in aid of the speculation, summarizes the consequences, contrasts the technique taken during this ebook with that of alternative students, and discusses methodological matters.
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Extra info for Perfecting Parliament: Constitutional Reform, Liberalism, and the Rise of Western Democracy
Sample text
All organizations share the property that they are formed to advance goals that can best be achieved by coordinating the efforts of more than one person. All organizations make decisions that focus the organization’s resources on particular activities and induce their members to function as more or less productive teams, rather than as unproductive assemblies of individual shirkers and rent seekers. It is these effects that make them organizations, rather than simply groups of unrelated persons, all doing their own thing.
This book takes the opposite approach. It neglects the idiosyncrasies of particular leaders and circumstances to focus on general features of organizations, constitutional governance, and reform. The narratives also depart from previous work in that they are grounded in models of constitutional exchange, and account for more of the core procedures of contemporary Western constitutions. Nonetheless, many of the insights and much about the general approach that seemed novel when first conceived and written now seem like natural extensions of older theories and contemporary work by others in related fields.
The most general and robust conclusions of past scholars have, in a manner analogous to institutions, survived the test of time. Aristotle’s analyses are remarkable in this regard. Although he focused for the most part on pure forms of government – monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy – he did so in order to better understand the more commonplace mixed forms of government present in classical Greece. The reason why there are many forms of government is that every state contains many elements … For a constitution is an organization of offices [among] which all the citizens distribute among themselves, according to the power which different classes possess … There must therefore be as many forms of government as there are modes of arranging the offices, according to the superiorities and differences of the parts of the state.