By J. Roger Hindley
Style thought is likely one of the most vital instruments within the layout of higher-level programming languages, akin to ML. This publication introduces and teaches its suggestions by way of targeting one relatively neat method and learning it intimately. through targeting the foundations that make the speculation paintings in perform, the writer covers the entire key rules with no getting concerned within the problems of extra complicated platforms. This ebook takes a type-assignment method of kind conception, and the approach thought of is the easiest polymorphic one. the writer covers all of the simple rules, together with the system's relation to propositional good judgment, and provides a cautious remedy of the type-checking set of rules that lies on the middle of each such approach. additionally featured are different attention-grabbing algorithms that before were buried in inaccessible technical literature. The mathematical presentation is rigorous yet transparent, making it the 1st e-book at this point that may be used as an creation to variety concept for machine scientists.
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Example text
Of (p, T). u. 's were unique. 5 Lemma (Avoiding variables) (i) Let V be any finite set of type-variables. u. u. u' such that Dom(u) = Vars(p) U Vars(T), Range(u') n v = 0. 's of pairs of type-sequences or deductions. Proof If u contains a component v/a with a Vars(p) U Vars(T) we can remove this component from u without affecting u(p) or U(T). u. We can then change the range of u by a renaming. u. i. u. i. is easily seen to be (c-*c)-*(b->b). i. u. at all. However, in the special case that p and T have no common variables every common instance is also a unification, because if v = §i(P) §2(0 and Dom(§t) c Vars(p) and Dom(§2) c Vars(T) then §a U §2 is defined and v = (§i U §2)(P) = (§a U §2)(T) This fact gives us the following lemma.
2A9 Definition Let r be a type-context. Iff there is a TA2-deduction of a formula r' '-- M:T for some F' c F we shall say I' F-,1 M : T. In the special case r = 0 we shall say M has type T in TA2, ors is a type of M in TAx, or F-2 M: T. The phrase "in TA2" may be omitted when no confusion is likely. 1 Lemma (Weakening) I' PA M:T, r+ ? I' . 17' PA M:T. There is at least one interesting type-theory in which this consistency condition is relaxed, the theory of intersection-types that originated in Coppo and Dezani 1978 and Salle 1978.
The subject-reduction theorem has a partial analogue for expansion as follows. 2C2 Subject-expansion Theorem non-cancelling contractions, then If f 1-2 Q:T and P >p Q by non-duplicating and f 1--2 P :T: Proof Exercise. This theorem is a special case of Curry et al. 315, §14D Thm. 3 (= Seldin 1968 §3D Thm. 3). p Q then FI-2P:i Proof For Ft-2Q:i use 1D6 and 2C2; for "=" use 2C1. The subject-expansion theorem can be extended to some cancelling contractions under suitable restrictions. (For example see Curry et at.