By Ali El-Agraa
The ecu Union has proven itself as a number one textual content that gives readers from all disciplines with a valid knowing of the economics and rules of the european. Its wealth of knowledge, element and research has ensured that past variations were learn by means of scholars, researchers coverage makers alike. This new version: • Covers all contemporary advancements affecting the european akin to expansion, the ratification of the good Treaty and the conference for the way forward for Europe • Has been completely up-to-date and comprises new participants for the chapters on social coverage, the one marketplace, ecu pageant coverage, and the criminal size of the european • Is written in a transparent and fascinating variety by way of a staff of across the world well known teachers.
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Extra resources for The European Union: Economics and Policies
Example text
Article 3 then states that: 1. For the purposes set out in Article 2, the activities of the Community shall include, as 15 16 Ali El-Agraa provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the timetable set out therein: (a) The prohibition, as between Member States, of customs duties and of quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods, and of all other measures having equivalent effect; (b) a common commercial policy; (c) an internal market characterised by the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles to the freedom of movement for goods, persons, services and capital; (d) measures concerning the entry and movement of persons as provided for in Title IV; (e) a common policy in the sphere of agriculture and fisheries; (f) a common policy in the sphere of transport; (g) a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted; (h) the approximation of the laws of Member States to the extent required for proper functioning of the common market; (i) the promotion of coordination between employment policies of the Member States with a view to enhancing their effectiveness by developing a coordinated strategy for employment; (j) a policy in the social sphere comprising a European Social Fund; (k) the strengthening of economic and social cohesion; (l) a policy in the sphere of the environment; (m) the strengthening of the competitiveness of Community industry; (n) the promotion of research and technological development; (o) encouragement for the establishment and development of trans-European networks; (p) a contribution to the attainment of a high level of health protection; (q) a contribution to education and training of quality and to the flowering of the cultures of the Member States; (r) a policy in the sphere of development cooperation; (s) the association of overseas countries and territories in order to increase trade and promote jointly economic and social development; (t) a contribution to the strengthening of consumer protection; (u) measures in the spheres of energy, civil protection and tourism.
However, recent experience, especially in the case of the EU, has proved otherwise since there has been a proliferation of non-tariff barriers, which is why the ‘single market’ programme (chapter 8) was introduced in 1992, but the point about WTO not being able to deter countries from pursuing economic integration has general validity: WTO has no means for enforcing its rules; it has no coercion powers. Of course, these considerations are more complicated than is suggested here, particularly since there are those who would argue that nothing could be more discriminatory than for a group of nations to remove all tariffs and other trade impediments (import quotas and the so-called non-tariff trade barriers, NTBs) on their mutual trade while at the same time maintaining the initial levels against outsiders.
Moreover, on 18 February 1989 the AMU was formed by Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. The AMU aims to create an organization similar to the EU. All these schemes are connected by an increasing number of PTAs between them. This had resulted in an intricate web of interrelationships. Considering the EU alone, since it is the main protagonist of PTAs, and adding the seventy-eight APC nations of the ACP–EU (Cuba became the seventy-ninth member in 2000, but has not participated in the agreements) as well as those of the EEA, one can imagine why the term spaghetti bowl has been used to describe this web surrounding the EU.