By Uwe Becker
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They distinguish between centralisation and coordination and operate a five-level scale. They signal slight changes in the level of Swiss centralisation (from level down to level ) and do not see any change in Austria and the Netherlands in this respect (constantly level ). In Sweden this was largely due to the retreat of employers from any centralised bargaining in the late s. In the changed context of they came back, however (cf. Elvander b). g. 1 The extensive literature on the “varieties of capitalism” that has evolved over the last decade provides a particularly prominent example of this current trend (Hall & Soskice 2001, Hancké et al.
The way out of the crisis was therefore through welfare cuts and extensive deregulation of product and labour markets, since this would reduce the market power of wage-setters and thereby lower wage costs and increase employment and productivity, according to the market liberals. Second, skyrocketing public deficits in both countries made it increasingly difficult for the supporters of universal welfare provision to oppose public expenditure cuts aimed at balancing the economy. A third and final factor adding to the pressure on the Swedish and Finnish capitalist systems was the election of centre-right governments in both countries in 1991.
5a 80 95 90 38 70 90 90 80 70 80 20 70 60 70 70 80 50 40 18 1990 80 95 90 32 80 90 90 68 70 80 15 80 25 70 80 90 40 30 14 2000 - 16 + 14 - 15 - 25 + 14 - 58 + 14 + 13 - 20 - 25 - 22 Change Collective bargaining coverage (%) INTRODUCTION 35,1 7,1 33,2 42,1 29,3 16,5 25,6 21,2 15,6 13,5 95,6 40,8 20,3 22,5 21,8 39,8 70,0 85,8 53,2 93,1 15,5 52,0 80,5 44,4 105,6 67,6 34,6 49,4 40,3 53,2 96,1 37,1 35,3 70,7 73,7 207,1 119,0 106,4 + 165 + 118 + 57 + 91 + 51 + 540 + 162 + 63 + 217 + 199 - 44 + 136 + 83 + 57 + 224 + 85 + 196 + 39 + 100 27 27 40 19 51 38 38 28 31 17 10 53 30 39 32 28 30 19 12 22 32 42 15 50 36 39 29 32 34 8 53 28 34 36 24 33 13 14 2003 - 19 + 19 +5 - 25 -2 -5 +3 +4 +3 + 100 - 20 -7 - 12 + 12 - 13 +10 - 31 + 17 Change 1993 Change 1990 2002 Unemployment benefits* Market capitalisation Changes in the indicators of market orientation – Part II 38,4 55,6 52,4 49,7 60,4 62,3 54,2 47,9 44,2 53,5 35,6 51,7 44,8 54,1 46,4 70,3 34,7 45,3 37,0 1994 35,1 50,1 49,6 39,9 54,8 51,2 53,7 47,0 33,7 47,8 37,3 46,6 39,2 45,9 38,8 56,7 36,6 44,0 36,4 2004 -9 - 10 -5 - 25 - 10 - 18 -1 -2 - 24 - 11 +5 - 10 - 13 - 15 - 16 - 19 +5 -3 -2 Change Total public expenditures 6# 11 20 15 7 13 7 14 -4 16 17 13 21# 5 7 15 6 7 6 Weighted average** * ‘Average of gross unemployment benefit replacement rates, three family situation and three durations of unemployment’.