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Oocyte im m ediately after ovulation, showing the spindie of the second m eiotic división. B. A spermatozoon has penetrated the oocyte, which has finished its second m eiotic división. Chromosomes of the oocyte are arranged in a vesicular nucleus, the female pronucleus. Heads of several sperm are stuck in the zona pellucida. C. Male and female pronuclei. D,E. Chromosomes become arranged on the spindie, spiit longitudinally, and move to opposite poles. F. Two-cell stage. FERTILIZATION Fertilization, the process by which male and female gametes fuse, occurs in the ampuUary región o f the uterine tube.
Thinning o f the cervical mucus occurs to allow passage o f sperm. ■ The anterior lobe o f the pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete LH. At midcycle, there is an LH surge that: ■ Flevates concentrations o f maturationpromoting factor, causing oocytes to com plete meiosis I and initiate meiosis II ■ Stimulates production o f progesterone by follicular stromal cells (luteinization) ■ Causes follicular rupture and ovulation Ovulation In the days immediately preceding ovulation, under the influence o f FSH and LH, the vesicu lar follicle grows rapidly to a diameter o f 25 mm to becom e a mature vesicular (graafian) fol licle.
During the last few days of m aturation of vesicular follicles, estrogens, produced by follicular and thecal cells, stim ulate increased production of LH by the pituitary gland [Fig. 1], and this hormone causes the follicle to enter the m ature vesicular [graafian) stage, to complete meiosis I, and to enter meiosis II, where it is arrested in metaphase approxim ately 3 hours before ovulation. and floats out o f the ovary (Fig. 3). Some o f the cumulus oophorus cells then rearrange themselves around the zona pellucida to form the corona radiata (Figs.