By Richards J. Heuer
The Psychology of Intelligence research has been required studying for intelligence officials learning the paintings and technological know-how of intelligence research for many years. Richards Heuer, Jr. discusses within the ebook how primary boundaries in human psychological approaches can steered humans to leap to conclusions and hire different simplifying suggestions that bring about predictably defective judgments often called cognitive biases. those analytic mindsets can't be refrained from, yet they are often conquer during the software of extra based and rigorous analytic options together with the research of Competing Hypotheses.
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Norman in their text on Human Information Processing (New York: Academic Press, 1977). This entire chapter draws heavily from Chapters 8 through 11 of the Lindsay and Norman book. 30George Johnson, In the Palaces of Memory: How We Build the Worlds Inside Our Heads. Vintage Books, 1992, p. xi. 31A. D. deGroot, Thought and Choice in Chess (The Hague: Mouton, 1965) cited by Herbert A. " Science, Vol. 183 (1974), p. 487. 32This discussion draws on Francis S. Bellezza, "Mnemonic Devices: Classification, Characteristics, and Criteria" (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, pre-publication manuscript, January 1980).
However useful the research has been for other purposes, analysts' needs are best served by a very simple image of the structure of memory. Imagine memory as a massive, multidimensional spider web. This image captures what is, for the purposes of this book, perhaps the most important property of information stored in memory--its interconnectedness. One thought leads to another. It is possible to start at any one point in memory and follow a perhaps labyrinthine path to reach any other point. Information is retrieved by tracing through the network of interconnections to the place where it is stored.
After thinking our way back into the appropriate context and finding the general location in our memory, the interconnections become more readily available. We begin to remember names, places, and events that had seemed to be forgotten. Once people have started thinking about a problem one way, the same mental circuits or pathways get activated and strengthened each time they think about it. This facilitates the retrieval of information. These same pathways, however, also become the mental ruts that make it difficult to reorganize the information mentally so as to see it from a different perspective.