By Alexander T. Florence, David Attwood
Actual chemistry is the foundation of rational pharmaceutical formula and processing, and is key to realizing the complexities of drug supply and drug absorption. This textbook offers the physiochemical ideas worthwhile to the trendy pharmaceutical scientist and pharmacist.
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Additional resources for Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 4th Edition
Example text
4 shows the range of intrinsic dissolution rates reported for solvates of oxyphenbutazone into a dissolution medium containing a surface active agent (to avoid wetting problems). 094 Reproduced from S. P. Eriksen, Am. J. Pharm. , 28, 47 (1964). 23 Solvate C Solvate B Anhydrate Hemihydrate Monohydrate Reproduced from A. P. Lotter and J. G. van der Walt, J. Pharm. , Mean & range of uncertainty of two determinations. dissolution rates of the benzene and cyclohexane solvates (B and C respectively) are apparent but, of course, the possible use of the solvates is prohibited because of their likely toxicity.
G. J. Florence). 7 Crystal habits of a hexagonal crystal. containing a drug in crystal form will be influenced by the habit: plate-like crystals are easier to inject through a fine needle than are needle-like crystals. The crystal habit can also influence the ease of compression of a tablet and the flow properties of the drug in the solid state. The plate-like crystals of tolbutamide, for example, cause powder bridging in the hopper of the tablet machine and also capping problems during tableting.
The Noyes–Whitney equation demonstrates that solubility is one of the main factors determining rate of solution. When the rate of solution is less than the rate of absorption, the solution process becomes rate limiting. Generally speaking, it should become so only when the drug is of low solubility at the pH of the stomach and intestinal contents. 16 Blood levels ( μ g cm 03) of phenobarbital versus time after intramuscular injection of three dosage forms. Redrawn from L. G. Miller and J. H. Fincher, J.