By Dipl.-Phys. Karl-Michael Nigge M.E.S. (auth.)
In the context of accomplishing learn at the effects of clinical and tech nological enhance, the Europaische Akademie can also be excited about the help of scientists within the doctoral or post-doctoral part who're engaged on themes or equipment inside its examine spectrum. the 1st dissertation supported through the Europaische Akademie is released during this quantity of the publication sequence "Wissen schaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung". one of many examine parts of the Europaische Akademie is the medical investi gation of environmental results of latest applied sciences. power conversion and transportation are thereby regarded as vital components of technological develop. The dissertation follows this thread through evaluating the affects of traditional fuel cars on human future health and the surroundings with these of reference vehi cles fueled via petrol and Diesel. this question is addressed in the framework of existence Cycle evaluation, that is one very important device of environmental expertise overview. inside this framework, a brand new procedure for the evaluate of affects on human well-being is constructed and utilized. during this manner, the dissertation contributes to the methodological examine of the Europaische Akademie within the box of expertise overview. The e-book is addressed to researchers within the fields of other fuels, Techno logy overview, and lifestyles Cycle overview particularly. it might probably even be of inter est to decisionmakers and the broader public fascinated by environmental affects of strength conversion and transportation. It used to be written in English as a way to be available to a global audience.
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28) within a coordinate system fixed relative to the earth. Lagrangian models, on the other hand, consider small air parcels (particles) that are moving along trajectories of the calculated mean wind field. e. the fluctuations of the wind velocity around the mean velocity of the trajectory is modeled as the sum of a random component and a component correlated to previous fluctuations to consider the 'memory' effect due to the inert mass of the air. Lagrangian models consider a large number of air parcels (up to some 10,000) and determine the pollutant concentration fields from the distribution of these parcels (Zenger 1998:45-47, 125).
The quality of the underlying evidence is also lower for the primary pollutants in each case. Therefore. the direct health effects of S02 and NO x will be neglected in the case study in chapters 4 and 5. The same applies to the health effects of carbon monoxide (CO) because of the low quality of the evidence. 7. 5 in the latter case) shows that both the YLL value for the respiratory chronic mortality as well as the YLD value are considerably higher than the YLL factor for carcinogenity. Fate factors and effective population densities: In order to determine fate factors and effective population densities in the sense of a full fate and exposure analysis (Jolliet et al.
The following substances are considered: particulate matter (PM) of various size ranges, nitrogen dioxide (N0 2), sulfur dioxide (S02) and the associated secondary nitrate and sulfate aerosols, carbon monoxide (CO) and tropospheric ozone (0 3) formed from nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOC) as precursors. Effect factors for these pollutants are provided in a review of a large number of epidemiological studies (Pilkington et al. 1997) that was conducted within the ExternE project on external costs of air pollution by electricity generation and transport (European Commission 1995, 1998; Friedrich et al.