By David Malvern, Brian Richards, Ngoni Chipere, Pilar Durán (auth.)
Vocabulary richness, together with lexical range and use of infrequent phrases, has an immense function in assessing talent, diagnosing growth and trying out thought within the research of language improvement. This e-book studies diversified equipment for quantifying how vocabulary is deployed in spontaneous speech and writing, ahead of introducing an alternate technique that can investigate total lexical range, degree morphology improvement and evaluate the improvement of alternative notice sessions. the recent procedure is illustrated by way of its program to first and moment language learners.
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Some sort of standardisation procedure is needed, preferably based on token size, rather than number of utterances or units of time, and of a size commensurate with the relative small language samples used in child language research. The requirement, then, is to find a valid index sufficiently reliable and stable over the standardisation range for child language samples of a few hundred or so tokens. The next chapter will build on these ideas to do just that. 3 A Mathematical Model of Lexical Diversity As well as being a function of text length, there is another limitation to using raw TTR for the whole of a language sample – it does not take into account the frequency with which types are repeated.
Turning the range measures listed above into ratios offers no advantage. Therefore Richards’s attempt to compensate for variations in sample size by calculating the ‘range of auxiliary forms/100 structured utterances’ for each transcript (Richards, 1990, p. 37) is just as flawed as using TTR. As too would be Yoder and colleagues’ (1994) measure and other ‘TTRs’ such as those calculated for gestures (Iverson, Capirci and Caselli, 1994), signs (Layton and Savino, 1990) and, for infant vocalisations, the number of different sounds divided by the total number of sounds produced (studies by Irwin, reported in McCarthy, 1954).
The noble Brutus . ’, and extending for a further 23 lines. It is of similar length, 172 tokens, written by the same author for the same character. But it is a public speech to the crowd, and consciously employs rhetorical repetition to rouse the mob, particularly the statements: ‘But Brutus says he was ambitious’; ‘And Brutus is an honourable man’, which appear with minor variations four times within the extract. It is to be expected, then, that there will be less diversity in this second extract, and a lower TTR can be predicted.