By John White
The character of intelligence and the way it may be measured has occupied psychologists, educationalists, biologists and philosophers for centuries. However, there has been little research into the increase of the conventional dominant academic ideology that intelligence and IQ have innate limits and are unchanging and unchangeable. This booklet strains the roots of this frame of mind again to early puritan groups on each side of the Atlantic, drawing parallels among puritan dogma and the improvement of the normal curricula and choice procedures which are nonetheless firmly embedded in class perform at the present time. Drawing at the paintings of Galton, Pearson, Burt, Goddard, Terman and others in his look for the reality approximately intelligence checking out, John White seems on the own histories and socialised non secular backgrounds of those key psychologists and casts a completely new gentle on education in Britain and the united states nowa days. This paintings additionally exhibits how we will go beyond this historical past and base our academic approach on values and practices extra in track with the twenty-first century.
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For some, personal circumstances may be stacked against them. Is there any surer way, in principle, of knowing that a person will succeed? Galton thought so. In one place in Hereditary Genius he holds that not only intellectual ability, but also ‘zeal’ and ‘capacity for hard labour’, are inherited (Galton 1978: 38). ). : 39). Elsewhere, while still proclaiming the necessity of ‘sustained and laborious toil’, Galton seems to see this as (at least partly) in the sphere of nurture rather than nature: Without a determination to achieve and the habits of self-discipline and industry, natural ability alone seldom leads to eminence; and, unless these habits have been ingrained during childhood, no man can develop to the full whatever potentialities he may have inherited or contribute his best to the community in which he lives.
I have tried to bring out the peculiarity of their positions – the patent oddity, unacceptability, and even inhumanity of some of their statements, the deeper unfoundedness of others. It may be hard for us to see all this at first, since we live in a culture so significantly shaped by theories of intelligence and practices connected with them like educational selection. I will finish this section by a reprise and further elaboration of the points at which fuller explanation is necessary. Most of these take us back to Galton – not surprisingly, since many of the oddities in others’ positions can be explained by their Galtonian origin.
Catholic immigration from Ireland, followed by Jewish and other immigration from Europe from the late nineteenth century, and in the late twentieth century Asian and Latin American immigration have helped to erode the continuing influence of puritanism in the culture, especially on the north-eastern and western seaboards. Yet the hold of the older culture, especially in the south and mid-west, is still noteworthy in the early twenty-first century, as evidenced by the contribution of the protestant electorate in these parts of the USA to the re-election of President Bush in 2004.