By World Bank
Innovation--in all its forms--and quite technological innovation in recent times has turn into an important driving force for spurring development, bettering competitiveness, and lengthening social health in all economies of the realm. Innovation can be understood in a vast and different experience together with not just the construction of recent wisdom and know-how and the difference of latest ones, yet much more importantly, the diffusion and use of applied sciences, items, tactics, and practices that are new in a given state context – a definition that's fairly proper for low- and medium- source of revenue international locations. Innovation coverage, by way of its very nature, is an inter- or multi-departmental coverage, touching coverage components as complementary and diversified as schooling and coaching, talents improvement, technological know-how and expertise, the enterprise atmosphere, ICT and different infrastructure (e.g. logistics). This guidebook accordingly unavoidably attracts upon a huge and assorted set of coverage parts as resources of information and competence on the way to supply a holistic dialogue of innovation coverage. It bargains a wide methodological framework into which involved coverage making groups can layout, conceive and enforce coverage measures tailored to their context. The framework would offer a few primary rules which may then be utilized and customised for particular situations. in an effort to foster a coherent and systemic method of the layout of innovation coverage, this ebook integrates the research and knowledge from policy-related departments that sometimes are likely to paintings in silos and who have to interact for having a universal, correct and effective knowing of innovation coverage. In mild of a key factor in low and medium source of revenue international locations is the resistance of innovation structures to major advancements, this ebook additionally addresses the relatives among innovation coverage and associations.
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Extra info for Innovation Policy: A Guide for Developing Countries
Sample text
Poor communities have considerable resources in their traditional, indigenous knowledge. This potential remains unexploited except in a few areas such as pharmacology, generally to the benefit of multinationals. Systematic search, development, promotion, and protection (patent rights) of this potential are, however, not only possible but also fruitful as has been demonstrated in Africa, India, and elsewhere. Poor communities in rural areas need help in ensuring their survival and preventing massive exodus to urban areas, even if urban concentration can pay off in the long term by raising gross domestic product per capita (see World Bank 2008b).
Examples include welldesigned matching funds, foresight exercises, federal contest funds, and other means that are not very costly but that do involve collective mobilization of motivations and the knowledge of targeted communities. 7). Change often begins with effective microreforms, which then serve as models or sources of motivation for building a critical mass of initiatives through a combination of topdown and bottom-up actions. As the intermediate level between microreforms and structured national policy reform, the meso level is critical for scaling up these reforms because it creates the base for major reforms.
Quantitative methods, based on field experiments, are also being implemented specifically for use in the developing world. They help countries decide whether to scale up programs that prove effective. Overall, the most appropriate methods for evaluating innovation policy are the peer review processes that were initially developed in economically advanced countries, notably by the OECD, and that are gradually and successfully being disseminated in low- and middle-income countries. Such national reviews can serve as a tool for shaping policy initiatives and triggering policy reforms (as discussed in chapter 8).