By Spencer L. Shorte (Editor), Friedrich Frischknecht (Editor)
Imaging mobile and Molecular organic functionality presents a different collection of essays via major specialists, aiming at scientist and pupil alike who're attracted to all features of contemporary imaging, from its program and up-scaling to its improvement. certainly the philosophy of this quantity is to supply pupil, researcher, PI, specialist or provost the skill to go into this purposes box with self assurance, and to build the ability to reply to their very own particular questions.
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Extra info for Imaging Cellular and Molecular Biological Functions (Principles and Practice)
Example text
Increasingly, however, investigators are turning their attention to thicker animal and plant tissue specimens that can range in thickness from 10 to 200 µm. In this case, out-of-focus information blurs the image and the constant churning of the cytoplasm creates limitations on exposure times. Both brightfield and fluorescence methods used in imaging thicker animal tissues and plants must take into account the sensitivity of these specimens to light exposure and the problems associated with resolving features that reside more than 20–30 µm within the specimen.
The simplest CCD architecture is known as full frame (Fig. 7, architecture a). This configuration consists of a parallel photodiode shift register and a serial shift register (Spring 2000). L. Hazelwood et al. Fig. 6 Bucket brigade analogy for CCD technology. Raindrops are first collected in a parallel bucket array (a), and then transferred in parallel to the serial output register (b). The water accumulated in the serial register is output, one bucket at a time, to the output node (calibrated measuring container, c) factor.
The signal is further limited in intensity by the need to minimize photobleaching and phototoxicity. When quantifying the small number of photons characteristic of biological fluorescent imaging, the process is photon-starved but also subject to the statistical uncertainty associated with enumerating quantum mechanical events. The measurement of linearity is further complicated by the fact that the amount of uncertainty increases with the square root of the intensity. This means that the statistical error is largest in the brightest regions of the image.