By Ghenadii Korotcenkov
The volumes of guide of fuel Sensor fabrics offer a close and accomplished account of fabrics for fuel sensors, together with the houses and relative merits of varied fabrics. due to the fact that those sensors could be utilized for the automation of myriad business strategies, in addition to for daily tracking of such actions as public security, engine functionality, scientific therapeutics, and in lots of different occasions, this instruction manual is of significant worth. fuel sensor designers will discover a treasure trove of fabric in those books.
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Sample text
2008; Kauffman and Star 2010; Allen et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2011; Vedala et al. 2011). In particular, recently, N substitutionally doped graphene was first synthesized by a CVD method with the presence of CH4 and NH3 (Wei et al. 2009). As doping is accompanied by the recombination of carbon atoms into graphene in the CVD process, dopant atoms can be substitutionally doped into the graphene lattice, which is hard to realize by other synthetic methods. The process of graphene doping will be discussed later in Chap.
They found that the initial undoped state could be recovered only by annealing at 150 °C or by short-time ultraviolet illumination, which should be considered as an alternative to thermal annealing (see Fig. 17). For more inert gases, such as CO2, the situation is better. Yoon et al. (2011) found that, because of the weak interaction between CO2 and graphene, the sensor response was rapid and reproducible. 5 Nanodiamond Particles 25 Fig. 17 Resistivity response of pristine graphene monocrystals to 1 ppm concentrations of different reducing and oxidizing gases.
Therefore, at present most interest is in preparing graphene using the CVD method (Li et al. 2009). It was established that CVD graphene tends to be more atomically smooth, whereas RGO usually has many oxygen-containing defect groups (Bagri et al. 2010). 6 Graphene-based gas sensors Active material Reduction method Analyte Measurement Detection limits RGO RGO + Pd RGO RGO RGO RGO (inkjet printer) Pt/RGO/SiC Pristine graphene Thermal Chemical Chemical Thermal Thermal, chemical Chemical Thermal Micromechanical cleavage of graphite Micromechanical cleavage of graphite NO2, NH3 H2 NO2, NH3, DNT NO2 Water vapor NO2, Cl2 H2 NO2, NH3, H2O and CO (vacuum) CO2 I R R I R R I R ~100 ppm N/A ~ppm ~ppm N/A ~ppm N/A <1 ppm G ~ppm Pristine graphene Source: Data from Schedin et al.