By Linus Pauling
When it was once first released, this first-year chemistry textual content revolutionized the instructing of chemistry by means of offering it by way of unifying ideas rather than as a physique of unrelated proof. these rules incorporated sleek theories of atomic and molecular constitution, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and thermodynamics. moreover, Dr. Pauling tried to correlate the theories with descriptive chemistry, the saw homes of gear, to introduce the coed to the multitude of chemical compounds and their properties.
In this widely revised and up to date 3rd version, the Nobel Prize–winning writer continues a good stability among theoretical and descriptive fabric, even though the quantity of descriptive chemistry has been lowered a bit, and the presentation of the topic, specifically in terms of the nonmetals, has been revised in the sort of method as to allow higher correlation with the digital constitution of atoms, in particular electronegativity.
The ideas of quantum mechanics are mentioned at the foundation of the de Broglie wavelength of the electron. The quantized power degrees of a particle in a field are derived via an easy assumption concerning the relation of the de Broglie waves to the partitions of the field. No test is made to resolve the Schrödinger wave equation for different structures, however the wave services of hydrogen-like electrons are awarded and mentioned in a few aspect, and the quantum states for different structures also are lined. Statistical mechanics is brought ahead of thermodynamics, and the dialogue of thermodynamics relies on it. This association displays the author's trust that starting scholars can comprehend statistical mechanics greater than chemical thermodynamics.
Aimed at first-year students who plan to significant in chemistry or heavily similar fields, the ebook is written in a logical, transparent, and comprehensible kind. additionally, many fantastic figures are incorporated, besides a variety of difficulties and seventy five pages of appendices protecting such subject matters as symmetry of molecules and crystals, hybrid bond orbitals, and magnetic homes of substances.
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Sample text
On the other hand, crystals of many other sub- stances contain discrete groups of atoms, which are called molecules. example of a molecular crystal is shown in the upper left An part of Figure The Atomic and Molecular Structure of Matter 28 [Chap. • n* mM 1 *** CP ] JlC* Liquid Crystal * Gas FIGURE 2-12 Crystalline, liquid, 2-12, which is and gaseous iodine, showing diatomic molecules I>. a drawing representing the structure of a crystal of the blackish-gray solid substance iodine, as determined by the x-ray diffraction method.
When similar results were obtained for some other substances, this law was generalized into the law of constant composition (or 1 The Nature and Properties of Matter 14 law of definite proportions): in every the elements are present in the [Chap. 1] pure sample of a given compound, same proportion by weight. must be pointed out that the process of induction is never completely If one hundred analyses of water are made (by weighing the amounts of hydrogen and oxygen obtained by electrolysis of samples of water obtained from different sources), and the same proportion by weight of hydrogen to oxygen is found— to within the limits of accuracy of the experiments— it would seem to be reasonably well justified to state that all samples of water have the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen by weight.
Liquid iodine differs from solid iodine (crystals) mainly in its fluidity. 2 cm 3 but it does not have a definite shape; instead, it fits itself to the shape of the bottom part of its container. iodine. librium—that is, at , From the molecular viewpoint the process of melting can be described in the following way. As a crystal is heated, its molecules are increasingly and move about more and more vigorously; but at lower temperatures this thermal agitation does not carry any one molecule any significant distance away from the position fixed for it by the arrangement of its neighbors in the crystal.