By D. J. Sturdy

This booklet offers a story heritage of Europe, together with Britain and eire, from the top of the 16th century to the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721.

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Extra resources for Fractured Europe: 1600-1721 (Blackwell History of Europe)

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After Hideyoshi re-unified the country himself upon coming to power after the death of Nobunaga, he launched an offensive on Korea, built the grandiose and lavish Osaka Castle, and enjoyed a life of luxury. At the same time Hideyoshi administered various policies which discouraged the creative and pioneering spirit of the Japanese. 34 Firstly, as he himself arose from the peasantry, he feared that a second Hideyoshi might emerge from among the farmers. Thus, when he became Chief Minister (kanpaku) he proclaimed the 'Sword Hunt Edict', confiscating all arms from farmers and townspeople.

In much the same way the patriots of the closing years of the Tokugawa period confronted by the powerful nations of the West eventually began to argue as to which of their two governments they should support. 32 Chapter Two The Meiji Revolution I This chapter will discuss the Meiji Revolution, or Restoration, (1867-68), which we may consider as a crucial event in the history of Japan. My interpretation of the Meiji Revolution diverges to a considerable extent from that held by most Japanese historians, but it has much in common with the interpretation of Western historiography, although there are differences in emphasis.

This stimulated the national consciousness of the Japanese and resulted in the unexpected birth and upsurge of a scholarship and ideology opposed to it, that is, kokugaku (national learning) and shinkoku shiso * ('land of gods' doctrine). Secondly, when one pursues the concept of chu* (loyalty), the most important virtue in Japanese Confucianism, one discovers that this concept does not necessarily provide a justification for the Tokugawa structure. Many right-wing intellectuals of the Tokugawa period reasoned, as did Yoshida Shoin* at one time, that they owed their loyalty to their feudal lords, feudal lords to the Shogun*, and the Shogun to the Emperor, and thus they themselves owed only an indirect loyalty to the Emperor.

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