By Rick Ng
A complete advisor to the advanced and long method during which a drug arrives out there. the method has parts of clinical study, scientific ethics, company, and law; statistics exhibit that out of 5,000 compounds with preliminary promise, 5 will move into human scientific trials and one turns into an authorized drug. The reference lists present FDA and eu instructions and covers regulatory gurus and tactics in Japan and China. Of curiosity to pros within the pharmaceutical in addition to scholars of pharmacy, medication, or existence sciences and others drawn to drug discovery. Ng is supervisor of regulatory affairs for the Biopharmaceutical production know-how Centre, Singapore"
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Example text
2 The p53 Protein in Cancer The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene, which means that its activity stops the formation of tumors via the production of p53 protein. As shown in the picture below, the p53 protein has four identical chains, which are joined together by a central tetramerization domain. The p53 protein molecule wraps around and binds DNA. This wrapping action then turns on another gene, which codes for a 21-kDa protein that regulates DNA synthesis. Normally, a cell grows by cell division and then dies through a process called apoptosis—programmed cell death.
Drugs can interact with enzymes to modulate their enzymatic activities. Intracellular Receptors: These receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Drugs or endogenous ligand molecules have to pass through the cell membrane (a lipid bilayer) to interact with these receptors. The molecules must be hydrophobic or coupled to a hydrophobic carrier to cross the cell membrane. Cell Surface Receptors: These receptors are on the cell surface and have an affinity for hydrophilic binding molecules. Signals are transduced from external stimuli to the cytoplasm and affect cellular pathways via these surface receptors.
The common feature of this superfamily (there are many different families and subtypes of receptors in this group) of receptors is that there are seven domains that cross the cell membrane (Fig. 6). These seven transmembrane receptors are often referred to as serpentine receptors. The serpentine receptors are coupled to the G-proteins (guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins) inside the cell. There are three subunits that make up the G-proteins: α, β, and γ. When a ligand, for example, a drug or neurotransmitter, binds to the receptor on the cell surface, the shape of the receptor changes.