By Samir Amin
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Additional resources for Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism
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It was in -one of these, Europe, that capitalism was born. 2 The Fundamental Laws of the Capitalist Mode of Production 1. PRODUCTIVE FORCES AND PRODUCTION RELATIONS. IN THE CENTRAL CAPITALIST FORMATIONS I have defined the capitalist mode of production as being characterized by the exclusive appropriation by one class of means of production that are themselves tht. prod:uct of social labor. This 1 of ! ividual ownership of the means prod:uction, may also take collective forms. ' Capitalism makes its appearance when the level of development of the productive forces is sufficiently advanced for these means of production, which are themselves products, to be no longer simple enough to be man ageable by the individual producer.
Precapitalist Formations · 35 All these important social phenomena taken together seem to confirm the view that it was the internal evolution of European rural society that gave rise to capitalism, without the Atlantic trade playing a de· cisive part in the ·process. ·P. Rey, how the capitalist formations integrated p·roperty in 1and while transforming its significance. The capitalist · mode of production in its pure form implies only two classes, hour· geois and proJetarians, and the two corresponding forms of income, profit on capital and wages of labor- just as the feudal mode im plies only two classes, landlords and working peasants, with two cor responding forms of incollle, rent and what the peasant keeps for himself.
The country districts have been isolated from each other for twelve centuries, and of little weight either economically or politically. They have resisted in arms and with religious dissidence the attempts of imperial authority to subject them. Thus, in the Mashraq. the only truly rural areas are all nonconformist in religion: the mountains of the Lebanon, divided between Maronite Christians and Shi'ite Moslems; the Jebel An sariya, home of the Alaouites, and the Jebel·Druse, in Syria; and Lower Iraq, with its Shi'ite population.