By Justin P. Lomont, Ian C. Stewart
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Electronegativity is a property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. The most electronegative atoms are those which “pull” hardest on the electron density they share in a bond with another atom. There is more than one scale and definition for electronegativity, and our description here follows that given by Linus Pauling, which is the most commonly used scale in chemistry courses. Electronegativity can most readily be described in terms of the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom and the distance to which its valence electron cloud extends away from the nucleus.
Since hydrogen atoms are in the first row and have just a single orbital in their valence shell, they only need two electrons (a single bond) to fulfill their analogue of a stable octet. What is electronegativity? Electronegativity is a property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. The most electronegative atoms are those which “pull” hardest on the electron density they share in a bond with another atom. There is more than one scale and definition for electronegativity, and our description here follows that given by Linus Pauling, which is the most commonly used scale in chemistry courses.
An alternative way to look at this is that any impurity will disrupt the crystal lattice, raising its energy, relative to the liquid phase. This also contributes to lowering the freezing point as solutes are added. How is the concentration of a solution defined? 38 The concentration of a substance is the amount of that substance in a solution divided by the volume of the solution. Chemists typically use molar concentration (moles of material/volume). The most significant properties are intermolecular forces and temperature.