By Brian Wawn
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A. 4 3+ Sources: D. T. W. M. Sundrum, 'Employment, unemployment and under-employment', Bulletin of Indonesian economic studies, November 1980. Measuring the labour force and its growth rate is difficult, especially because of the importance of unpaid family workers, predominantly women and young people; this phenomenon makes it difficult to define who is in the labour force. Because of different definitions, different Indonesian surveys give significantly different results. Keeping these difficulties in mind, the labour force probably amounted to 60 million people in 1980, of whom about 60 per cent were in agriculture, 25 per cent in services and 10 per cent in manufacturing.
There is one official labour federation (FSBI) to which all unions must be affiliated in order to receive government recognition. Union membership is voluntary. Strikes are illegal, but nevertheless sometimes take place. Unions and employers are free to negotiate collective agreements, although these have to be approved by the Government. In the case of unresolved labour disputes, both parties can seek arbitration, if they agree on an arbitrator, or conciliation through the Department of Manpower.
Underemployment is more serious than unemployment. More serious still is the low productivity and thus low remuneration of many jobs. Daily wage rates are less than $1 for unskilled workers in much of Java and Sumatra. The transmigration programme envisages the movement of population from the densely populated areas of Java, Madura and Bali to Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and, to a lesser extent, Irian Jaya. g. relocation. About 104,000 families were moved under Repelita I and II. A further 125,000 families were moved between mid-1979 and mid-1981; it is planned to move 500,000 families during Repelita III (1979-80 to 1983-84).