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The owners of expertise, we shall see, appropriate surplus value in the form of salaries rather than profits or ground rent. The failure to distinguish a fourth factor of production as the basis of this fourth great class lies at the root of Marx's other failures. For a Marxist understanding of class antagonisms under socialism, his model has to be recast. Page 18 3 Organization: A Fourth Factor of Production A reformulation of the basic factors of production in Marxist terms must explain the high salaries of professional workers under socialism.

Ross Gandy and Deborah Hepburn, and to the Centro de Investigadores para el Pueblo (CIP) in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Finally, I wish to thank Professor Bruce McFarlane for the opportunity to discuss the central theses of this book in lectures and seminars arranged by the Department of Politics at the University of Adelaide, during the fall semester of 1979. Page ix Preface The most complete explanation of the decomposition of the capitalist world is to be found in Marx's Capital and in the works of political economists who applied his conceptual framework to the conditions of twentieth-century capitalism.

For there to be capital there must be capitalists, and conversely. It is not necessary to own all the conditions of production to be a capitalist, but it is necessary to own money or commodities and to be able to purchase labor power on the market, whether for the purpose of producing or for the purpose of simply pocketing surplus valuepresumably in large enough quantities to draw income principally from this rather than from some other source. The form of ownership and the mode of appropriating surplus value are crucial in determining who is and who is not a capitalist.