By Larry Hancock

Shock assault explores sixty plus years of army and terror threats opposed to the U.S.. It examines the intelligence instruments and practices that supplied warnings of these assaults and evaluates the U.S.' responses, either in preparedness -- and most significantly -- the effectiveness of our army and nationwide command authority. opposite to universal claims, the ancient list now indicates that Read more...

summary: shock assault explores sixty plus years of army and terror threats opposed to the us. It examines the intelligence instruments and practices that supplied warnings of these assaults and evaluates the USA' responses, either in preparedness -- and most significantly -- the effectiveness of our army and nationwide command authority. opposite to universal claims, the old checklist now exhibits that warnings, frequently very good warnings, have preceded just about all such assaults, either family and foreign. Intelligence practices built early within the chilly battle, in addition to intelligence assortment concepts have regularly produced actual warnings for our nationwide safeguard determination makers. shock assault lines the evolution and alertness of these practices and explores why such warnings have frequently didn't both interdict or intercept real assaults

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It was based in his strategic assessment that a Japanese military move through the South China Sea against British and Dutch territories would immediately be threatened by a westward surge of the American fleet—past Midway Island and Guam and on through the Japanese-mandated islands in Micronesia to the Philippines. S. 2 At that time the plan for the American Asiatic Fleet was also changed from a defense of the Philippines to a retreat from the region at the onset of any Japanese attack. As of January 1941, Yamamoto’s strategic understanding of America’s war plan was outdated—but that had little impact on his continued planning to significantly weaken America’s Pacific Fleet before it could move west.

For our purposes it is most important to evaluate both attacks in the strictly military issues of command, control and communications—referred to in contemporary military terminology as C3. Command and control in Hawaii and the Philippines appears to have failed on two levels. The first level of failure was based in a series of operational disconnects within the local commands themselves; the second failure was created by a massive gap between local command execution and headquarters command expectations.

11 A September 1941 practice exercise of the air warning system resulted in the total failure of the air defense, validating Brereton’s concerns. Even with general warning of an incoming air attack exercise, the ground-controlled intercept network totally failed to put fighters in contact with a simulated attack on the major American air base at Clark Field. The failure exposed the fact that even with radar detection, extensive practice between ground controllers and interceptor pilots is necessary to bring about successful interceptions—especially when the radar does not have a height-finding capability as the early units did not.

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