By Sooho Song (auth.)
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Additional resources for Politeness and Culture in Second Language Acquisition
Example text
It typically takes a particular form, describing representative characteristics of a certain geographical region, society, group, and/ or period which were developed over time by repeated practice, education, or training. Terms such as culture, society, and group are used interchangeably to refer to this entity. Thus, the concept of culture is contrastive rather than universal because of the variation across different societies, regions, or time periods. Lakoff (1977) asserts that each culture has implicit agreement on what it means to be a good human being and what good behaviors are.
In regard to the positive and negative politeness, increases in distance between the speaker and the hearer, the speaker’s relative power, and the imposition of the act will result in corresponding increases in the weightiness of the act. Accordingly, as weightiness increases, the speaker should choose less threatening strategies. For example, friends or people who know each other well may use ‘shut the door’ because of the low power and short distance. On the other hand, borrowing money needs a much less threatening strategy than borrowing a notebook because the former has a high weightiness, due owing to the higher rank of imposition of the task.
The self-denigration maxim focuses on the speaker’s denigrating self and elevating the other. The address maxim concerns how to address your interlocutor based on the hearer’s social status and the relationship between the speaker and hearer. The tact maxim and generosity maxim are similar to Leech’s. The tact maxim emphasizes maximizing benefit to others while minimizing cost. It can be applied to both impositives and commissives. Like Leech’s generosity maxim, Gu’s generosity maxim minimizes benefit and maximizes cost to self, which may be applicable to impositives and commissives.