By Elaine M Aldred
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The amount of alpha-tocopherol is particularly high in blood lipoproteins and the adrenal glands, which are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. 9; and see Chapter 13 ‘Vitamins and minerals’, p. 102). 8, p. 174). • There are two classes of carotenoids: carotenes and xanthophylls. 1, p. 64). 10) is a more efficient scavenger of singlet oxygen than tocopherol. 1, p. 74). The mechanism of its antioxidant action is not properly understood. It has been demonstrated to quench singlet oxygen, scavenge peroxyl radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation.
Oxford. Clarendon Press; 1999. indd 52 7/18/2008 7:37:18 PM Acids and bases 8 Chapter contents The involvement of water in acid–base reactions 53 Acids and bases 54 What is pH? 54 What is pK? 54 How are the pH and pK values relevant to absorption? 55 Conjugate acids and bases 57 pKa and pKb 58 How is pH – or hydrogen ion concentration – controlled in the body? 58 The concept of acids and bases is quite complex and there are several ways of approaching the subject in terms of pure chemistry. As this is a clinically oriented pharmacology book, the explanation will be limited to certain mechanisms, an understanding of which will help you appreciate the underlying principles and is necessary to underpin one of the most important principles of pharmacology.
7). 3). If alanine is produced synthetically, then both forms L and D alanine, are found. This is significant when it comes to giving a patient nutritional supplementation, as the L isomer is more likely to fit into the receptor site of an enzyme, which explains why natural products are favoured in nutritional supplementation. • What exactly do D and L mean? 4(i)). 3 The two isomers of alanine. 4 The principles of the polarization of light and how optically active solutions can affect it. no light will get through.