By Ben M. Dunn
This booklet makes a speciality of peptides as medicinal drugs, a turning out to be region of pharmaceutical study and improvement. It is helping readers resolve difficulties of studying, constructing, generating, and supplying peptide-based medicines. * Identifies promising new components in peptide drug discovery * contains chapters on discovery from traditional assets, metabolic amendment, and drug supply * Overviews separation tools and methods for research, bond formation, and purification * bargains readers either a certified reference and a textual content or source for graduate-level scholars
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The reaction takes place in an aqueous environment in neutral pH, in order to give a native peptide bond at the ligation point. Limitation of this hybrid technology is the mandatory use of a Cys residue at the N-terminal of the first fragment, and the synthesis of an appropriate C-terminal thioester in the second fragment, which in some cases provides poor yields [197]. 7 Principles of chemical native ligation. Side chain protection of the fragments is not essential, but favors the reaction in aqueous media.
Even though, and from a synthetic viewpoint, peptides can be prepared in solid phase or in solution; nowadays, it is possible to say that in almost all peptide syntheses a solid-phase step is involved. Thus, the synthesis of small-to-medium-sized peptides is carried out in the solid phase, and the synthesis of large peptides and/or proteins is performed using a convergent approach. In this case, one of the last steps is carried out in solution, but the fragments either protected for a classical strategy or unprotected for a chemical ligation one are prepared in solid phase.
Located at position 7 of the benzotriazole, which provides a double effect. First, the electron-withdrawing influence of a nitrogen atom (regardless of its position) improves the quality of the leaving group, thereby leading to greater reactivity. 7), which can both increase reactivity and reduce the loss of configurational integrity [77]. A decade ago, 6-chloro-1-hydroxybenzotriazole (6-Cl-HOBt) (43) had been introduced into solid-phase synthesis. This additive is a good compromise between HOAt (42) and HOBt (1-hydroxybenzotriazole) (41) in terms of reactivity and price [79].