By Arthur J. Taylor
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Every piece of factory legislation involved some departure from laissez-faire. Yet the principle was not meaningless even to those who were active in the work of attrition which helped to weaken and destroy it. The speech made by Macaulay on the Ten Hours Bill in 184665 is important in its own right, but it has 43 added significance in that it reflected the attitude of many and not least of Peel himself. I believe [said Macaulay] that I am as firmly attached as any Gentleman in this House to the principle of free trade properly stated, and I should state that principle in these terms : that it is not desirable that the State should interfere with the contracts of persons of ripe age and sound mind, touching matters purely commercial.
The theory of population as propounded by Malthus and endorsed by Ricardo pointed unequivocally to the abolition of the Poor Laws, and both economists in their prescriptions forcefully indicated the desirability of repeal. 66 But both felt that total abolition could only be achieved gradually. The reformers of the 1830s moved a step further in the direction of moderation. In that they sought to 44 amend rather than to end the existing laws and in no way suggested that abolition was their ultimate aim, they were proposing and achieving a course which fundamentally ran counter to the prescriptions of Malthus and Ricardo and to laissez-faire.
The general view of the Classical economists was summed up by Mill when he asserted that 'Education is one of those things which it is admissible in principle that a government should provide for the people. ' 72 The controversies which surrounded education throughout the reign of Queen Victoria were not primarily concerned with laissez-faire in the narrower sense. The failure to achieve compulsory education before 1880, when Mundella's Act enforced school attendance on all children between the ages of five and ten, may be counted a victory for laissez-faire; but the notion is dubious because until 1870 at least compulsion was not considered so much 'undesirable' as 'unattainable'.