By Silvio Borner
About 10 years in the past, the 1st very small steps in the direction of this booklet have been taken. the place to begin was once marked through the deep and unexpected stoop of the Swiss economic climate within the mid-seventies: a quandary wiping out approximately 10 percent issues of GNP and employment inside simply years. To this author, it was once transparent from the start that neither the exogenous shocks nor the struc tural alterations have been actually exogenous or structural. They got and sha ped by way of international forces. They have been half and parcel of capitalist improvement. there isn't any different hugely built nation on this planet that is so ex tremely and integrally uncovered to world-wide currents of economic and financial alterations as Switzerland. The measure and dimensions of open ness ofthe Swiss economic system resulted in the formula of our examine strategy for learning the internationalization of the economic system, an issue theoretically and politically built during this publication. Empirical facts pertains to our examine of Swiss event. a widely known Swiss-American economist provided the next com ment on our earlier paintings at the internationalization of undefined: "You are first-class in elevating fascinating questions ..." What used to be surely intended as a feedback used to be acquired as a praise. an excessive amount of expertise and too many examine efforts are, for my part, wasted by way of examine courses which position procedure over substance. This unlucky improvement in our career has already enormously lowered the social application of economists.
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On the one hand, there have been attempts to check foreign competition, thereby supporting inefficiency in some industries. On the other hand, attempts have been made to maintain full employment and the real wage level by reducing the profitability, mobility, and flexibility of individual firms. Politicians attempt to gain time by dividing up the non-existent dividends of future growth. Trying to maintain the present, we are sacrificing the future. When all social relationships have been thoroughly commercialized and when the democratic decision-making processes have been reduced to a pure form of interest group egotism, then the national political arena will disintegrate into a distributional battlefield - with "public welfare" ending up the main victim.
III tl' .... tl' Firm level Outside Environment (Type AI :r: k .... 4-1. Strategies to Raise Competitive Advantage 6 See especially AYRES (1984) 34 Type B is clearly the minority in our sample. ). The more prevalent group (Type A) does not overlook the fundamental changes in the political and economic environment which entail new forms of competition and regulation. For them, these changes are either quite natural or not really reversible - at least in the short run and from the perspective of the individual firm.
A mentality of conservatism and conservation is spreading thoughout the North, but especially through Europe. Crises of democracy and a general decline in the level of economic performance are socio-political symptoms of crippled a capitalist economic dynamics in the Western industrial countries. Traditional technological and growth-oriented approaches to the future find themselves on a course of collision with changing social and cultural values and needs - people-oriented and environment-oriented values.