By Melissa Bull

This ebook analyses the historic, fiscal and political context for the present prohibition of specific medicines. The research investigates the matter of drug keep an eye on delivering a scientific research of the advance of the foreign procedure of law. selecting the political rationalities that supplied the foundation of that method, it positions those ethical justifications for workout energy relating to the sensible courses that positioned them into perform. the target of the paintings isn't really just to catalogue the strategies and techniques hired within the means of governing illicit medicinal drugs, but in addition to notice the mess ups, unintentional effects and different problems linked to getting such courses to paintings.

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Through the new direction taken by medical discourse then, opiate consumption came to be regarded as a disease. Somewhat paradoxically, however, the cure for this disease remained the responsibility of the individual patient. Berridge (1979) reminds us that the disease theory of addiction was never an autonomous, scientifically elaborated entity; it was always accompanied by a strong moral overlay. In 1864, for example, Dr Anstie’s influential text Stimulants and Narcotics described the condition as a product of both ‘physical necessity’ and of ‘a debased moral nature’ (Berridge 1979: 72).

In the latter part of the nineteenth century a hybrid theory of the disease, incorporating both medical and moral formulations, emerged. Addiction was disease and vice, a form of ‘moral bankruptcy’, ‘disease of the will’,18 or a ‘form of moral insanity’. Dr Thomas Clouston described it as the product of ‘diseased cravings and paralysed control’; other authors also stressed moral rather than physical symptoms: implausibility, disorderliness, no standards of truthfulness and a complete disregard of time (Berridge 1979: 77).

That is, people continue to believe that opium cannot be consumed in moderation, and that opiate dependence causes physical deterioration, mental damage, deviant behaviour, leads to crime and is worse than alcoholism. Johnson concludes that the crucial legacy of the crusade is that opium policy is ‘now based solely upon considerations of moral righteousness, which tolerates no variation from an ideal’ (1975: 318–19). Harding’s argument similarly highlights the significance of this ‘moral crusade’ (1986).

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