By Liying Cheng, Andy Curtis
'This quantity addresses a truly well timed and significant subject, and gives either huge and in-depth insurance of a few large-scale English checks in China, together with Hong Kong and Taiwan, and in regards to the chinese language learner.' – Lyle F. Bachman, From the Foreword
Building on present theoretical and useful frameworks for English language evaluate and trying out, this publication offers a accomplished, up to date, appropriate photo of English language review for college kids in China (Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan) and for chinese language novices of English worldwide. Written by way of well-recognized foreign students in language checking out, it covers:
- the heritage of exams and trying out platforms, concerns and demanding situations, and present examine in China
- both test-designers’ and test-users’ issues of view on try out improvement and try out validation inside a number of political, not pricey, social, and fiscal contexts in China
- theoretical/conceptual views at the use of the English language evaluation at various degrees, together with societal, collage, and faculties
- empirical examine comparable in particular to check improvement, curricular innovation, and attempt validation
Given the lengthy background of target checking out and its vast use in chinese language society, and contemplating the sheer variety of scholars taking numerous assessments in English in China and somewhere else, an knowing of the effect of English language trying out is vital for somebody excited by trying out and review concerns in China and in different places on this planet. it is a must-read quantity for checking out and review coverage makers, curriculum designers, researchers, ESL/EFL fabrics writers, graduate scholars, and English language teachers/researchers in any respect levels.
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A great majority of examination candidates chose the Jin Shi (进士) examination. In the Jin Shi examination, Confucian classics such as the Four Books and Five Classics (四书 五经) were basic examination materials. The Four Books were: The Great Learning (大 学), The Doctrine of the Mean (中庸), The Analects (论语), and The Mencius (孟子). The Five Classics were: Classic of Changes (易经), Classic of Poetry (诗经), Classic of Rites (礼 记), Classic of History (书经), and Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋). Evolving Testing Formats The testing formats also varied over the dynasties, and there were five major testing formats in the Tang Dynasty.
Due to the format requiring memorization (帖: Tie), being able to recite the work by memory became very important for the candidates. In addition to the above test methods, elucidations of the Confucian classics were the fourth and fifth methods used in the Jin Shi examination, which further required candidates to compose a piece of poetry, a poetic description (赋: Fu), as well as a dissertation (则: Ce) on contemporary affairs and a free discussion (论: Lun) of historical and political topics. The increasing number of candidates taking the Jin Shi examination led to a gradual eclipse of the other fields.
The Modern period started towards the end of Qing Dynasty in 1862—with the influence of Western education and sciences and the establishment of the Metropolitan Institute of Foreign Languages (京师同文馆: Jing Shi Tong Wen Guan) until the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. This period is characterized by the establishment of a series of institutes cultivating talent in foreign languages, the military, technology, and foreign affairs, resulting in modernized methods of examinations.